Monthly normal high and low temperatures for various Alabama cities[US Travel Weather]
| | Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
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| City | temp | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C | °F | °C |
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| Birmingham | high | style="text-align:center; background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;"
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| Huntsville | high | style="text-align:center; background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;"
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| Mobile | high | style="text-align:center; background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;"
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| Montgomery | high | style="text-align:center; background: #E5AFAA; color:#000000;"
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[{{cite web]| url | http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/alabama/ |
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| title | Alabama Indian Tribes |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | Updated 2006 |
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| work | Indian Tribal Records |
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publisher = AccessGenealogy.com}} Trade with the Northeast via the Ohio River began during the Burial Mound Period (1000 BC-AD 700) and continued until European contact.[{{cite web]| url | http://travel2.nytimes.com/2004/07/15/travel/NYT_ALMANAC_US_ALABAMA.html |
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| title | Alabama |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | 2006-08-11 |
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| work | The New York Times Almanac 2004 |
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| publisher | The New York Times}} Meso-American influence is evident in the agrarian Mississippian culture that followed. |
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The French founded the first European settlement in the state with the establishment of Mobile in 1702.[{{cite web]| url | http://www.theus50.com/alabama/ |
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| title | Alabama State History |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | |
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| work | |
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| publisher = theUS50.com}} Southern Alabama was French from 1702 to 1763, part of British West Florida from 1763 to 1780, and part of Spanish West Florida from 1780 to 1814. Northern and central Alabama was part of British Georgia from 1763 to 1783 and part of the American Mississippi territory thereafter. Its statehood was delayed by the lack of a coastline; rectified when Andrew Jackson captured Spanish Mobile in 1814.[{{cite web]| url | http://www.statemaster.com/graph-T/bac_sum |
|---|
| title | AL-Alabama |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | |
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| work | Landscapes and History by state |
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| publisher | StateMaster.com}} Alabama was the twenty-second state admitted to the Union, in 1819. |
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The economy of the central "Black Belt" featured large cotton plantations whose owners built their wealth on the labor of enslaved African Americans. It was named for the dark, fertile soil.
Alabama seceded from the Union in 1861 to join the Confederate States of America. Following the Civil War Alabama was readmitted to the Union in 1868. While not many battles were fought in the state, Alabama contributed about 120,000 soldiers to the Civil War. All the slaves were freed by 1865.[{{cite web]| url | http://www.historicaldocuments.com/13thAmendment.htm |
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| title | 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865) |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | 2005 |
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| work | Historical Documents |
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| publisher = HistoricalDocuments.com}} After the period of Reconstruction, the state was still chiefly rural and tied to cotton. Planters resisted working with free labor and sought to re-establish controls over African Americans. They used Jim Crow laws and segregation to reduce rights of African Americans and restore their own dominance. By the turn of the century whites effectively disfranchised African Americans and underfunded schools and services for them, but did not relieve them of the need to pay taxes.[{{cite web]| url | http://www.southernspaces.org/contents/2004/tullos/4a.htm |
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| title | The Black Belt |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | 2004-04-19 |
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| work | Southern Spaces Internet Journal |
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| publisher | Emory University}} Continued racial discrimination, agricultural depression, and the failure of the cotton crops due to boll weevil infestation led tens of thousands of African Americans to seek out opportunities in northern cities. They left Alabama in the early 20th century as part of the Great Migration to industrial jobs and better futures in northern industrial cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Philadelphia and New York. What had been rapid population growth in Alabama (see table) dropped by half from 1910-1920, reflecting the migration of African Americans out of the state. |
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At the same time, the state also disenfranchised the industrial northern part of the state. At the same time as the migration of the Black population from the Alabama Black Belt to the northern industrial United States, the city of Birmingham was experiencing such rapid growth that it earned the name the "Magic City" By the 1920's, is was the 19th largest city in the U.S and over 30% of the population of the state. Normally this would result in a major shift in political power from the old Black Belt to the new industrial north. In order to retain its political power, the Black Belt controlled legislature refused to reapportion House and Senate seats based on population after 1901. While Jefferson County, the home of Birmingham, was contributing over 1/3 of all taxes to the state, yet it received only 1/67th of the tax money, as taxes were distributed equally to each county regardless of population. In addition, the state Gerrymandered the few Birmingham legislative seats to assure election by persons living outside of Birmingham. In the 1960's, under the Voting Rights act, federal courts forced Alabama to properly redistrict both the state legislature House and Senate by population - i.e. required the state to enforce a major section the Alabama Constitution for the first time since 1901.
Because of the long disfranchisement of African Americans, the state continued as one-party Democratic for decades. It produced a number of national leaders. World War II brought prosperity.[{{cite web]| url | http://www.usdoj.gov/kidspage/crt/voting.htm |
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| title | Voting Rights |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | 2002-01-09 |
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| work | Civil Rights: Law and History |
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| publisher = US Department of Justice}} After 1972, the state's voting pattern shifted to the Republican Party in presidential elections (as occurred in neighboring southern states). Since 1990 the state has voted increasingly Republican in state elections.[{{cite web]| url | http://www.southerner.net/v1n1_99/coverstory1.html |
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| title | The New South Rises, Again |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | Spring 1999 |
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| work | Civil Rights: Law and History |
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| publisher | Southerner.net}}Demographics : |
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As of 2005, Alabama has an estimated population of 4,557,808,[{{cite web]| url | http://www.usdoj.gov/kidspage/crt/voting.htm |
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| title | Alabama QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-26 |
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| date | 2006-06-08 |
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| work | US Census Bureau |
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| publisher | US Census Bureau}} which is an increase of 32,433, or 0.7%, from the prior year and an increase of 110,457, or 2.5%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 77,418 people (that is 319,544 births minus 242,126 deaths) and an increase due to net migration of 36,457 people into the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 25,936 people, and migration within the country produced a net increase of 10,521 people. |
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The state had 108,000 foreign-born (2.4% of the state population), of which an estimated 22.2% were illegal immigrants (24,000).
The center of population of Alabama is located in Chilton County, outside of the town of Jemison, an area known as Jemison Division.Race and ancestry :
The racial makeup of the state and comparison to the prior census:
The largest reported ancestry groups in Alabama: American (17.0%), English (7.8%), Irish (7.7%), German (5.7%), and Scots-Irish (2.0%). 'American' does not include those reported as Native American.Religion :
In a 2007 survey, nearly 70% of respondents could name all four of the Christian Gospels. Of those who indicated a religious preference, 59% said they possessed a "full understanding" of their faith and needed no further learning.[ ]Economy :According to the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis, the 2006 total gross state product was $160 billion, or $29,697 per capita for a ranking of 44th among states. Alabama's GDP increased 3.1% from 2005, placing Alabama number 23 in terms of state level GDP growth. The single largest increase came in the area of durable goods manufacturing.
Alabama's agricultural outputs include poultry and eggs, cattle, plant nursery items, peanuts, cotton, grains such as corn and sorghum, vegetables, milk, soybeans, and peaches. Although known as "The Cotton State", Alabama ranks between eight and ten in national cotton production, according to various reports,[{{cite web]| url | http://cber.cba.ua.edu/pdf/ab2005q4.pdf |
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| title | Alabama and CBER: 75 Years of Change |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | Q4 2005 |
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| work | Alabama Business |
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| publisher | Center for Business and Economic Research, Culverhouse College of Commerce, The University of Alabama}}[{{cite web] |
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| url | http://www.aces.edu/dept/nass/bulletin/2005/pg05.pdf |
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| title | State Highlights for 2004-2005 |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-23 |
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| date | 2005 |
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| work | Alabama Cooperative Extension System |
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| publisher | USDA, NASS, Alabama Statistical Office}} with Texas, Georgia and Mississippi comprising the top three. |
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Alabama's industrial outputs include iron and steel products (including cast-iron and steel pipe); paper, lumber, and wood products; mining (mostly coal); plastic products; cars and trucks; and apparel. Also, Alabama produces aerospace and electronic products, mostly in the Huntsville area, which is home of the NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center and the US Army Missile Command, headquartered at Redstone Arsenal.
Alabama is also home to the largest industrial growth corridor in the nation, including the surrounding states of Tennessee, Mississippi, Florida, and Georgia. Most of this growth is due to Alabama's rapidly expanding automotive manufacturing industry which in Alabama alone since its birth in 1993 (and has spread to other states), has generated over 67,800 new jobs. Alabama currently ranks 2nd in the nation behind Detroit in automobile output, but with recent expansions at sites in Alabama, the state by the first of 2009 will surpass Detroit, and become the largest builder of automobiles in North America.
In May 2007, a site north of Mobile was selected by German steelmaker ThyssenKrupp for a $3.7 billion steel production plant, with the promise of 2,700 permanent jobs.
The city of Mobile, Alabama's only saltwater port, is a busy seaport on the Gulf of Mexico, and with inland waterway access to the Midwest via the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. Alabama levies a 2, 4, or 5% personal income tax, depending upon the amount earned and filing status. The state's general sales tax rate is 4%.[http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/sl_sales.html Comparison of State and Local Retail Sales Taxes, July 2004 Retrieved on 25 May 2007] The collection rate could be substantially higher, depending upon additional city and county sales taxes. The corporate income tax rate is currently 6.5%. The overall federal, state, and local tax burden in Alabama ranks the state as the second least tax-burdened state in the country.
Alabama as recently as 2003 had an annual budget deficit as high as $670 million, yet is one of only a few handful of states to turn around into large surpluses with its current state's budget surplus at nearly $1.2 billion for 2007, and estimated over $2.1 billion for 2008.Transportation :
Alabama has five major interstate roads that cross it: I-65 runs north-south roughly through the middle of the state; I-59/I-20 travels from the central west border to Birmingham, where I-59 continues to the north-east corner of the state and I-20 continues east towards Atlanta; I-85 goes from the border of Georgia and ends in Montgomery, providing a main thoroughfare to Atlanta; and I-10 traverses the southernmost portion of the state, running from west to east through Mobile. Another interstate road, I-22, is currently under construction. When completed (est. 2012), it will connect Birmingham with Memphis, Tennessee.
Major airports in Alabama include Birmingham International Airport (BHM), Dothan Regional Airport (DHN), Huntsville International Airport (HSV), Mobile Regional Airport (MOB), Montgomery Regional Airport (MGM), Muscle Shoals - Northwest Alabama Regional Airport (MSL), Tuscaloosa Regional Airport (TCL), and Pryor Field Regional Airport (DCU).Water ports :Listed from north to south
| Port name | Location | Connected to | | Port of Guntersville
| Guntersville, on Lake Guntersville
| Tennessee River
| | Port of Birmingham
| Birmingham, on Black Warrior River
| Tenn-Tom Waterway
| | Port of Decatur
| Decatur, on Wheeler Lake
| Tennessee River
| | Port of Muscle Shoals
| Florence/Muscle Shoals, on Wilson Lake
| Tennessee River
| | Port of Tuscaloosa
| Tuscaloosa, on Black Warrior River
| Tenn-Tom Waterway
| | Port of Montgomery
| Montgomery, on Woodruff Lake
| Alabama River
| | Port of Mobile
| Mobile, on Mobile Bay
| Gulf of Mexico
| Law and government :State government :
The foundational document for Alabama's government is the Alabama Constitution, which was ratified in 1901. At almost 800 amendments and 310,000 words, it is the world's longest constitution and is roughly forty times the length of the U.S. Constitution.[{{cite news ] | last =Roig-Franzia| first | Manuel |
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| title | Alabama Vote Opens Old Racial Wounds |
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| publisher | The Washington Post |
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| date | 2004-11-28 |
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| url =http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A16443-2004Nov27?language | printer |
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| accessdate =2006-09-22}} [{{cite web]| title | Constitution of Alabama - 1901 |
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| work | The Alabama Legislative Information System |
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| url | http://www.legislature.state.al.us/CodeOfAlabama/Constitution/1901/Constitution1901_toc.htm |
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| accessdate | 2006-09-22 }} . There is a significant movement to rewrite and modernize Alabama's constitution. This movement is based upon the fact that Alabama's constitution highly centralizes power in Montgomery and leaves practically no power in local hands. Any policy changes proposed around the state must be approved by the entire Alabama legislature and, frequently, by state referendum. One criticism of the current constitution claims that its complexity and length were intentional to codify segregation and racism. |
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Alabama is divided into three equal branches:
The legislative branch is the Alabama Legislature, a bicameral assembly composed of the Alabama House of Representatives, with 105 members, and the Alabama Senate, with 35 members. The Legislature is responsible for writing, debating, passing, or defeating state legislation.
The executive branch is responsible for the execution and oversight of laws. It is headed by the Governor of Alabama. Other members of executive branch include the cabinet, the Attorney General of Alabama, the Alabama Secretary of State, the Alabama Commissioner of Agriculture and Industries, the Alabama State Treasurer, and the Alabama State Auditor.
The judicial branch is responsible for interpreting the Constitution and applying the law in state criminal and civil cases. The highest court is the Supreme Court of Alabama.Local and county government :
Alabama has 67 counties. Each county has its own elected legislative branch, usually called the Board of Commissioners, which usually also has executive authority in the county. Due to the restraints placed in the Alabama Constitution, all but seven counties (Jefferson, Lee, Mobile, Madison, Montgomery, Shelby, and Tuscaloosa) in the state have little to no home rule. Instead, most counties in the state must lobby the Local Legislation Committee of the state legislature to get simple local policies such as waste disposal to land use zoning.- List of Alabama county seats
Alabama is an alcoholic beverage control state; the government holds a monopoly on the sale of alcohol. However, counties can declare themselves "dry"; the state does not sell alcohol in those areas.State politics :The current governor of the state is Bob Riley. The lieutenant governor is Jim Folsom Jr. The Democratic Party currently holds a large majority in both houses of the Legislature. Due to the Legislature's power to override a gubernatorial veto by a mere simple majority (most state Legislatures require a 2/3 majority to override a veto), the relationship between the executive and legislative branches can be easily strained when different parties control the branches.
During Reconstruction following the American Civil War, Alabama was occupied by federal troops of the Third Military District under General John Pope. In 1874, the political coalition known as the Redeemers took control of the state government from the Republicans. After 1890, a coalition of whites passed laws to segregate and disenfranchise black residents. The state became part of the "Solid South", a one-party system in which the Democratic Party became essentially the only political party in every Southern state. For nearly 100 years, local and state elections in Alabama were decided in the Democratic Party primary, with generally only token Republican challengers running in the General Election.
In the 1982 Democratic primary election, the then incumbent Lieutenant Governor lost the Democratic nomination for Governor. The state Democratic party invalidated the election and placed the Lieutenant Governor's name on the ballot as the Democratic candidate instead of the candidate chosen in the primary. The voters of the state revolted at what they perceived as disenfranchisement of their right to vote and elected the Republican challenger Guy Hunt as Governor. This was the first Republican Governor elected in Alabama since Reconstruction. Since then, Republicans have been increasingly elected to state offices until in 2006 Democrats were barely holding a majority in the state legislature. And since 1982, only one Democrat has managed to win the Governors office and he failed to win re-election.
Alabama state politics gained nationwide and international attention in the 1950s and 1960s during the American Civil Rights Movement, when it bureaucratically, and at times, violently resisted protests for electoral and social reform. The state's governor during the period, George Wallace, remains a notorious and controversial figure. However, in 2007, the Alabama legislature passed, and the Governor signed, a resolution expressing "profound regret" over slavery and its lingering impact. The bill was signed in the Alabama state house which served as the first Capital of the Confederate States of America.National Politics :
Presidential elections results
| Year | Republican | Democrat |
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| 2004
| 62.46% 1,176,394
| 36.84% 693,933
| | 2000
| 56.47% 944,409
| 41.59% 695,602
| | 1996
| 50.12% 769,044
| 43.16% 662,165
| | 1992
| 47.65% 804,283
| 40.88% 690,080
| | 1988
| 59.17% 815,576
| 39.86% 549,506
| | 1984
| 60.54% 872,849
| 38.28% 551,899
| | 1980
| 48.75% 654,192
| 47.45% 636,730
| | 1976
| 42.61% 504,070
| 55.73% 659,170
| | 1972
| 72.43% 728,701
| 25.54% 256,923
| | 1968*
| 13.99% 146,923
| 18.72% 196,579
| | 1964
| 69.45% 479,085
| 30.55% 210,732
| | 1960
| 42.16% 237,981
| 56.39% 318,303
| *State won by George Wallace
of the American Independent Party,
at 65.86%, or 691,425 votes
| From 1876 through 1956, Alabama supported only Democratic presidential candidates, by large margins. 1960 was a curious election. The Democrats won with John F. Kennedy on the ballot, but the Democratic electors from Alabama gave 6 of their 11 electoral votes as a protest to Harry Byrd. In 1964, Republican Barry Goldwater carried the state, in part because of his opposition to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which restored the franchise for African Americans.
In the 1968 presidential election, Alabama supported native son and American Independent Party candidate George Wallace over both Richard Nixon and Hubert Humphrey. In 1976, Democratic candidate Jimmy Carter from Georgia carried the state, the region, and the nation, but Democratic control of the region slipped thereafter.
Since 1980, Alabama voters have increasingly voted for Republican candidates at the Federal level, especially in Presidential elections. By contrast, Democratic candidates are elected to many state-level offices and comprise a longstanding majority in the Alabama Legislature.
In 2004, George W. Bush won Alabama's nine electoral votes by a margin of 25 percentage points with 62.5% of the vote. The only 11 counties that voted Democratic were Black Belt counties, where African Americans are in the majority.
The state's two current U.S. senators are Jefferson B. Sessions III and Richard C. Shelby, both Republicans.
In the U.S. House of Representatives, the state is represented by seven members, five of whom are Republicans: (Jo Bonner, Terry Everett, Mike D. Rogers, Robert Aderholt, and Spencer Bachus) and two are Democrats: (Bud Cramer and Artur Davis). Health and education :
Primary and secondary education :
Public primary and secondary education in Alabama is under the oversight of the Alabama State Board of Education as well as local oversight by 67 county school boards and 60 city boards of education. Together, 1,541 individual schools provide education for 743,364 elementary and secondary students.[{{cite web]| url | http://www.alsde.edu/general/quick_facts.pdf |
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| title | Alabama Education Quick Facts 2007 |
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| accessdate | 2007-08-11 |
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| format | PDF |
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| language | english}} |
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Public school funding is appropriated through the Alabama Legislature through the Education Trust Fund. In FY 2006-2007, Alabama appropriated $3,775,163,578 for primary and secondary education. That represented an increase of $444,736,387 over the previous fiscal year.
In 2007, over 82 percent of schools made adequate yearly progress (AYP) toward student proficiency under the National No Child Left Behind law. In 2004, only 23 percent of schools met AYP.[{{cite web]| url | http://www.alsde.edu/Accountability/2007Reports/Press/2007AYPNewsRelease.pdf |
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| title | Eighty-Two Percent of Alabama Schools Make AYP While Increasing Annual Measurable Objectives |
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| accessdate | 2007-08-11 |
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| format | PDF |
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| language | english}} Colleges and universities : |
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Alabama's programs of higher education include 14 four-year public universities, numerous two-year community colleges, and 17 private, undergraduate and graduate universities. Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by the Alabama Commission on Higher Education. Colleges and universities in Alabama offer degree programs from 2-year associate degrees to 16 doctoral level programs. [ ]
Accreditation of academic programs is through the Southern Association of Schools and Colleges as well as a variety of subject focused national and international accreditation agencies.[. ]Professional Sports teams :| Club | Sport | League | | Birmingham Barons
| Baseball
| Southern League
| | Huntsville Stars
| Baseball
| Southern League
| | Mobile BayBears
| Baseball
| Southern League
| | Montgomery Biscuits
| Baseball
| Southern League
| | Birmingham Steeldogs
| Arena football
| af2
| | Tennessee Valley Vipers
| Arena football
| af2
| | Huntsville Havoc
| Ice hockey
| Southern Professional Hockey League
| | Birmingham Magicians
| Basketball
| American Basketball Association
| | Southern Alabama Bounce
| Basketball
| American Basketball Association
| | Alabama Renegades
| Football
| National Women's Football Association
| | Birmingham Stallions (defunct)
| Football
| United States Football League
| | Birmingham Americans/Vulcans (defunct)
| Football
| World Football League
| | Birmingham Barracudas (defunct)
| Football
| Canadian Football League
| | Birmingham Fire (defunct)
| Football
| World League of American Football
| | Birmingham Thunderbolts (defunct)
| Football
| XFL
| | Birmingham Bulls (defunct)
| Ice Hockey
| World Hockey Association
| | Huntsville Blast (defunct)
| Ice Hockey
| East Coast Hockey League
| | Huntsville Channel Cats (defunct)
| Ice Hockey
| Southern Hockey League
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Miscellaneous topics :
- The phrase The Heart of Dixie (originating from Montgomery being the first capital of the Confederate States during the Civil War) is required by state law to be included on standard state vehicle license plates, but has recently been reduced to a very small size and eclipsed by the phrase Stars Fell on Alabama. As of October 2006, Alabama also provides an alternative "God Bless America" license plate at no additional charge.
- The world's first Electric Trolley System was introduced in Montgomery in 1886.
[A history of Montgomery's mass transit system] - 911 and its use as the standard emergency number was first used in Haleyville, Alabama.
[Letter establishing 911 emergency number in Haleyville, AL, February 15, 1968.]
See also :
- Alabama census statistical areas
- Alabama Highway Patrol
- Coat of arms of Alabama
- List of people from Alabama
- Music of Alabama
- Scouting in Alabama
- Historical Panorama of Alabama Agriculture
- List of law enforcement agencies in Alabama
Cultural sites :
- Alabama Shakespeare Festival
- Alabama Symphony Orchestra
- The Alabama Theatre
- Birmingham Astronomical Society
- Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
- Birmingham Museum of Art
- McWane Science Center
- Old State Bank
- Old St. Stephens
- Rhea-McEntire House
- USS Alabama
- U.S. Space & Rocket Center/U.S. Space Camp Huntsville
- Vulcan Park
Events :
- Alabama Jubilee Hot Air Balloon Classic
- Alabama Sports Festival
- Bayfest, Mobile's Music Festival
- Big Spring Jam
- City Stages Music Festival, Birmingham
- GMAC Bowl
- Jubilee City Fest
- Mardi Gras, Mobile
- Mobile Bay Jubilee
- Papajohns.com Bowl (formerly the Birmingham Bowl)
- Regions Charity Classic (formerly the Bruno's Memorial Classic)
- Senior Bowl
- Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival
- Spirit of America Festival
Venues :
- American Village, Montevallo
- Birmingham Jefferson Convention Complex, Birmingham
- Bryant-Denny Stadium, Tuscaloosa
- Alys Stephens Concert Hall (Home of the Alabama Symphony Orchestra), Birmingham
- Celebration Arena, Priceville
- Fair Park Arena, Birmingham
- Hank Aaron Stadium, Mobile
- Joe W. Davis Stadium, Huntsville
- Jordan-Hare Stadium, Auburn
- Ladd Peebles Stadium, Mobile
- Legion Field, Birmingham
- McWane Science Center, Birmingham
- Mitchell Center, Mobile
- Mobile Convention Center, Mobile
- Mobile Civic Center, Mobile
- Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium, Montgomery
- Movie Gallery Veterans Stadium, Troy
- Paul Snow Stadium, Jacksonville
- Point Mallard Aquatic Center, Decatur
- Regions Park, Hoover
- Rickwood Field, Birmingham
- Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail
- Talladega Superspeedway and the The International Motorsports Hall of Fame & Museum
- Von Braun Center, Huntsville
*References :
Further reading :
-
For a detailed bibliography, see the History of Alabama.
- Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, William Warren Rogers, and David Ward. Alabama: The History of a Deep South State (1994)
- Flynt, Wayne. Alabama in the Twentieth Century (2004)
- Owen Thomas M. History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography 4 vols. 1921.
- Jackson, Harvey H. Inside Alabama: A Personal History of My State (2004)
- Mohl, Raymond A. "Latinization in the Heart of Dixie: Hispanics in Late-twentieth-century Alabama" Alabama Review 2002 55(4): 243-274. ISSN 0002-4341
- Peirce, Neal R. The Deep South States of America: People, Politics, and Power in the Seven Deep South States (1974). Information on politics and economics 1960–72.
- Williams, Benjamin Buford. A Literary History of Alabama: The Nineteenth Century 1979.
- WPA. Guide to Alabama (1939)
External links :
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